DEEP DECOLONIZATION: Latin America and Connected Histories of the Postcolonial World

Authors

Abstract

This paper examines deep colonization in Latin America and the connected histories of the postcolonial world. It critically examines race, racism and colonialism in the history of Latin America, and the legal steps taken to minimize the consequences of prejudice and exclusion. It has identified exploitable individuals and populations for subjection, and indicates the scope of deep colonization in the continent attempting to remove the concept of skin color and other physical attributes as superficial indicators of social, political, or economic conditions. Spaniards and Portuguese colonizers in Latin America have invaded, subjugated, and occupied the territory without the consent of the indigenous inhabitants.  In Brazil, the Portuguese colonizers have tried to subjugate the indigenous population and they refused to subdue to their power, then slaves were brought from Africa to coffee and sugar plantations. This essay examines deep colonization in Latin American, and the economic and political contexts. The main question is what is colonization? This involves a clarification of the relationship between the concept of racism and a number of related concepts as race and colonization, as well as connected histories of the postcolonial world in Latin America.

Downloads

Download data is not yet available.

Author Biography

Leila Bijos, Saint Mary's University (Canada) Catholic University of Brasilia (UCB)

Leila Bijos is an Adjunct Professor at the University of Saint Mary’s, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Department of Sociology & Criminology. She has a PhD in Development Sociology, a Master’s Degree in International Relations (Technical Cooperation), Specialization in Human Rights and Political Science. She is a professor and researcher at the Master’s Degree in Law at the Catholic University of Brasilia, in charge of the internationalization of higher education in the program, lecturing on International Politics. Responsible for the Research Group “Laboratory of International Politics”, member of Cathedra of UNESCO: Human Rights, Youth, Education and Society.

References

ABREU, Alzira Alves. History and Memory – Brazil’s Guerrilla Trap. History Today, Volume 47 Issue 12 December 1997.

Accessible at: http://www.historytoday.com/alzira-alves-de-abreu/history-and-memory-brazils-guerrilla-trap. August 02, 2016.

ARENDT, Hannah. The Origins of Totalitarianism 177 (3rd ed. 1968); Trop v. Dulles, 356 U.S. 86, 102 (1958).

BIJOS, Leila. Deslocamentos Forçados por Questões Ambientais: Haitianos no Brasil. Jose Eduardo Sabo (ed.) Terceiro Setor e Tributação, Vol. 7, Rio de Janeiro: Forense, 2015, pp. 111-135.

BIJOS, Leila; SILVA, Patricia da. Assessment of the Arab Spring: a Case Study of the Young Revolution in Egypt. Revista CEJ, Ano XVIII No. 59, pp. 58-71, Jan/Apr. 2013.

BORTON, John; BUCHANAN-SMITH, Margie; OTTO, Ralph. Support to Internally Displaced Persons. Learning from Experience, 2005, Sida: www.sida.se/publications 08.08.2016.

BRUN, Cathrine. Research guide on internal displacement. Norwegian University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway, 2014.

COHEN, Roberta. Protecting internally displaced women and children. Wendy Davies (ed.) Rights have no Borders. Internal Displacement Worldwide. Norwegian Refugee Council/Global IDO survey, 1998.

KOFMAN, Eleonore. Gendered Labour Migrations in Europe and Emblematic Migratory Figures. Routledge: Journal of Ethnic and Migration Studies, 2013, Vol. 39, No. 4, 579-600. Access at: http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/1369183X.2013.745234, August 10, 2016.

GADDIS, John Lewis. História da Guerra Fria (trad. Gleuber Vieira). Rio de Janeiro: Nova Fronteira, 2006.

GEORGETOWN LAW. Left Behind: How Statelessness in the Dominican Republic Limits Children’s Access to Education. Georgetown Law Human Rights Institute Fact-Finding Project, Washington, DC, 2015.

GOSSETT, Thomas F. Race: The History of an Idea in America. New York: Schocken Books, 1965, p. 16, In: OMI, Michael and WINANT, Howard. 1986. Racial formation in the United States: From the 1960s to the 1980s, (9-15). New York: Routledge.

HATHAWAY, J.C. The Law of Refugee Status. Toronto: Butterworths, 1991.

HOLBROKE, Richard. A Borderline Difference. Washington Post, 8 May 2000. Available at: http://www.reliefweb.int/rw.nsf/AllDocsByUNID/de99fa12477e37d7c12568d90.

ICMPD 20 Years. Input from the International Centre for Migration Policy Development to the work of the ‘Task Force Mediterranean’: a new deal for a Mediterranean partnership in action, November 2013, pp. 01-07.

KI-MOON, Ban. Preface by the United Nations Secretary-General. The State of the World’s Refugees: in search of solidarity. The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNCHR), Oxford University Press, UK, 2012, page IX.

MERTUS, Julie. Sovereignty, gender, and displacement. Edward Newman & Joanne van Selm (eds.) Refugees and Forced Displacement. International Security, Human Vulnerability, and the State, pp. 250-273. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, 2003.

MIALL, Hugh; RAMSBOTHAM, Oliver; WOODHOUSE, Tom. Contemporary Conflict Resolution, Polity Press, 2000.

NOVITSKI, Joseph. Gunmen Kidnap U.S. Envoy in Brazil. The New York Times, New York Times (1857-Current file); Sep 5, 1969; ProQuest Historical Newspapers The New York Times (1851 - 2005), pg. 1. Access at: http://www.latinamericanstudies.org/brazil/elbrick.pdf, August 27, 2015.

OLSON, Julius. The Northern, Columbus and Cabot, 985-1503, 1926.

OSF - Open Society Foundations. A Crisis of Nationality: Dominicans of Haitian Descent, Oct. 2013.

Accessible at: http://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/factsheet-dominicans-haitian-descent010012013.pdf [hereinafter OSF, A Crisis of Nationality].

PHUONG, Catherine. The International Protection of Internally Displaced Persons, Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, 2004.

RAPER, Mark. Changing Roles of NGOs in Refugee Assistance. Edward Newman & Joanne van Selm (eds) Refugees and Forced Displacement. International Security, Human Vulnerability, and the State, pp. 350-366. United Nations University Press, Tokyo, 2003.

SHACKNOVE, Andrew. Who is a refugee. Ethics 95(XX): 274-84, 1985.

SCHRIJVERS, Joke. Fighters, victims and survivors: constructions of ethnicity, gender and refugeeness among Tamils in Sri Lanka. Journal of Refugee Studies 12(3): 307-333, 1999.

SLIM, Hugo; EGUREN. Luis Enrique. Humanitarian Protection. AOLNAP Guidance Booklet, 2004. Accessible at: http://www.alnap.org/pubs/pdfs/protectionbooklet3.pdf, 09 August 2016.

STEIN, Barry N. Durable Solutions for Developing Country Refugees. International Migration Review 20(2): 264-282, 1986.

STEPPUTAT, Finn and SØRENSEN, Ninna Nyberg. The rise and fall of ‘internally displaced people’ in the central Peruvian Andes. Development and Change 32(4): 769-791, 2001.

TURITS, Richard Lee. Foundations of Despotism: Peasants, the Trujillo Regime, and Modernity in Dominican History. Stanford University Press, 2003.

UNCHR. Hosting the World’s Refugees, Global Report 2014. Accessible at: http://www.unhcr.org/gr14/index.xml

UNCHR - The Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees. The State of the World’s Refugees: in search of solidarity. Oxford University Press, UK, 2012.

UNIC – Centro de Informações das Nações Unidas, Haiti. Rio de Janeiro, 2011. Access at: http://www.unicrio.org.br/haiti-acelerar-recuperacao-e-%E2%80%9Cprioridade-maxima%E2%80%9D-para-2011/.

UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS, G.A. res. 217A (III), art. 1, U.N. Doc A/810 at 71 (1948).

UN Population Fund, Primera Encuesta Nacional de Inmigrantes en la República Dominicana [First National Survey of Immigrants in the Dom. Rep.] (ENI-2012) (Apr. 2013), Accessible at: http://countryoffice,unfpa.org/dominicanrepublic/drive/ResumenENI-2012II.pdf [hereinfater UNFPA, Encuesta].

US Department of State. 2006 Country Reports on Terrorism. Office of the Coordination of Counterterrorism; Released on April 2007, Washington, D.C., April 2007.

VAN HEAR, Nicholas. Sustaining Societies under strain: remittances as a form of transnational exchange in Sri Lanka and Ghana. Nadje Al-Ali and Hlakid Koser (eds.) New Approaches to Migration? Transnational communities and the transformation of home, 202-223. Routledge, London, 2002.

VARELLA, Marcelo D. Internacionalização do direito: Direito internacional, globalização e complexidade, São Paulo: Universidade de São Paulo, Faculdade de Direito, 2012.

Downloads

Published

2017-06-02

How to Cite

Bijos, L. (2017). DEEP DECOLONIZATION: Latin America and Connected Histories of the Postcolonial World. Unoesc International Legal Seminar, 4(1), 35–52. Retrieved from https://periodicos.unoesc.edu.br/uils/article/view/11559

Issue

Section

CIVIL AND POLITICAL HUMAN RIGHTS