ESCLEROSE LATERAL AMIOTRÓFICA: ARTIGO DE ATUALIZAÇÃO
Resumen
Esclerose lateral amiotrófica é uma doença neurológica progressiva e fatal. É uma desordem devastadora para pacientes, familiares, cuidadores e profissionais envolvidos no seu tratamento. O objetivo com este estudo foi conhecer o estado da arte acerca da esclerose lateral amiotrófica. Para isso, foi realizada uma busca nas bases de dados SciELO, LILACS e MEDLINE, utilizando os seguintes descritores: amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, motor neuron disease e Lou Gehrig’s disease. Foram incluídos nessa revisão os artigos mais relevantes. Esclerose lateral amiotrófica é uma doença caracterizada por degeneração e morte dos neurônios motores no córtex, tronco cerebral e medula espinhal. De causa ainda desconhecida na maioria dos casos, é invariavelmente fatal, com morte do indivíduo afetado ocorrendo, comumente, dentro de dois a cinco anos após o início dos sintomas. Hipóteses atuais em relação aos mecanismos patológicos e possíveis fatores de risco sugerem que o processo degenerativo que ocorre nessa doença é complexo e multifatorial. O tratamento é multidisciplinar e busca prover qualidade de vida e ajudar na manutenção da autonomia do paciente. Entre as abordagens multidisciplinares, o suporte nutricional e respiratório tem demonstrado um importante papel na manutenção da qualidade de vida e aumento da sobrevivência. Apesar dos importantes avanços no conhecimento dos mecanismos patológicos e intervenções apropriadas, a esclerose lateral amiotrófica continua sendo uma doença inexoravelmente progressiva e fatal. São necessárias mais pesquisas tanto para entender os mecanismos patológicos quanto para encontrar estratégias de tratamento eficientes.
Palavras-chave: Esclerose Lateral Amiotrófica. Doença do Neurônio Motor. Doença de Lou Gehrig.
Descargas
Citas
ABHINAV, K. et al. Electrical injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a systematic review of the literature. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 78, p. 450-453, 2007.
AMATO, A. A.; RUSSELL, J. A. Neuromuscular disorders. New York: McGraw-Hill; 2008.
ARMON, C. Sports and trauma in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis revisited. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Holanda, v. 262, p. 45-53, 2007.
ASCHERIO, A. et al. Vitamin E intake and risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 57, p. 104-110, 2005.
BELEZA-MEIRELES, A.; AL-CHALABI, A. Genetic studies of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: controversies and perspectives. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Inglaterra, v. 10, p. 1-14, 2009.
BENSIMON, G.; LACOMBLEZ, L.; MEININGER, V. A controlled trial of riluzole in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, Estados Unidos, v. 330, p. 585-591, 1994.
BOURKE, S. C.; GIBSON, G. J. Non-invasive ventilation in ALS: current practice and future role. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders, Inglaterra, v. 5, p. 67-71, 2004.
BROOKS, B. R. et al. El Escorial revisited: revised criteria for the diagnosis of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders, Inglaterra, v. 1, p. 293-299, 2000.
CHANCELLOR, A. M.; WARLOW, C. P. Adult onset motor neuron disease: worldwide mortality, incidence and distribution since 1950. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 55, p. 1106-1115, 1992.
CHEN, H. et al Head injury and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Epidemiology, Estados Unidos, v. 166, p. 810-816, 2007.
CHEN, R. et al. Motor neuron disease presenting as acute respiratory failure: a clinical and pathological study. Journal of Neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 60, p. 455-58, 1996.
CHEN, A.; GARRETT, C. G. Otolaryngologic presentations of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Otolaryngology Head and Neck Surgery, Inglaterra, v. 132, p. 500-504, 2005.
CHEN, A.; MONTES, J.; MITSUMOTO, H. The role of exercise in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics of North America, Estados Unidos, v. 19, p. 545-557, 2008.
CORCIA, P.; MEININGER, V. Management of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Drugs, v. 68, p. 1037-1048, 2008.
CRUZ, D. C. et al. Physical trauma and family history of neurodegenerative diseases in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a population-based case-control study. Neuroepidemiology, Suíça, v. 18, p.101-110, 1999.
DAL BELLO-HAAS, V.; FLORENCE, J.M.; KRIVICKAS, L. S. Therapeutic exercise for people with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis or motor neuron disease. Cochrane review. 2008.
DE CARVALHO, M.; SWASH, M. Awaji diagnostic algorithm increases sensitivity of El Escorial criteria for ALS diagnosis. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Inglaterra, v. 10, p. 53-57, 2009.
DESPORT, J. C. et al. Factors correlated with hypermetabolism in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, Estados Unidos, v. 74, p. 328-334, 2001.
DOUGLASS, C. P. et al. An evaluation of neurophysiological criteria used in the diagnosis of motor neuron disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 81, p. 646-49, 2010.
EISEN, A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a 40-year personal perspective. Journal of Clinical Neuroscience, Austrália, v. 16, p. 505-512, 2009.
ELMAN, L. B.; GROSSMAN, M. Neuropsychiatric features of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation, Holanda, v. 22, p. 425-29, 2007.
FANG, F. Smoking, snuff dipping and the risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: a prospective cohort study. Neuroepidemiology, Suíça, v. 27, p. 217-221, 2006.
FERGUSON, T. A.; ELMAN, L. B. Clinical presentation and diagnosis de amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. NeuroRehabilitation, Holanda, v. 22, p. 409-416, 2007.
FUGLSANG-FREDERIKSEN, A. Diagnostic criteria for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Clinical Neurophysiology, Holanda, v. 119, p. 495-496, 2008.
GOLASZEWSKI, A. Nutrition throughout the course of ALS. NeuroRehabilitation, Holanda, v. 22, p. 431-34, 2007.
GORDON, P. H. et al. The natural history of primary lateral sclerosis. Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 66, p. 647-653, 2006.
HEFFERNAN, C. et al. Management of respiration in MDN/ALS patients: an evidence based review. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Inglaterra, v. 7, p. 5-15, 2006.
HIGO, R.; TAYAMA, N.; NITO, T. Longitudinal analysis of progression of dysphagia in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Auris Nasus Larynx. Holanda, v. 31, p. 247-54, 2004.
INCE, P. G. et al. Corticospinal tract degeneration in the progressive muscular atrophy variant of ALS. Neurology, v. 60, p. 1252-1258, 2003.
KÜHNLEIN, P. et al. Diagnosis and treatment of bulbar symptoms in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Nature Clinical Practice. Neurology, Inglaterra, v. 4, p. 366-374, 2008.
LE FORESTIER, N. et al. Primary lateral sclerosis: further clarification. Journal of the Neurological Science, v. 185, p. 95-100, 2001.
LINDEN-JUNIOR, E. Prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in the city of Porto Alegre, in Southern Brazil. Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria, Brasil, v.71, n. 12, p. 959-962, 2013.
LOGROSCINO, G. et al. Descriptive epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new evidence and unsolved issues. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiat Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 79. p. 6-11, 2008.
LOGROSCINO, G. et al. Incidence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Europe. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 81, p. 385-90, 2010.
LOGROSCINO, G.; TRAYNOR, B. J.; HARDIMAN, O. Descriptive epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: new evidence and unsolved issues. Journal of Neurology, neurosurgery, and psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 79, p. 6-11, 2008.
LONGNECKER, M. P. et al. Dietary intake of calcium, magnesium and antioxidants in relation to risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Neuroepidemiology, Suíça, v. 19, p. 210-216, 2000.
LONGSTRETH, W. T. et al. Risk of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and history of physical activity. Archives of Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 55, p. 201-206, 1998.
LUI, A. J.; BYL, N. N. A systematic review of the effect of moderate intensity exercise on function and disease progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Neurologic Physical Therapy, Estados Unidos, v. 33, p. 68-87, 2009.
MATÍAS-GUIU J. et al. Epidemiología descriptiva de la sclerosis lateral amiotrófica. Neurologia, v. 22, p. 368-380, 2007.
MILLER, R. G. et al. Riluzole for amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS)/motor neuron disease (MND). Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis and Other Motor Neuron Disorders, Inglaterra, v. 4, p. 191-206, 2003.
MITCHELL, J. D.; BORASIO, G. D. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet, Inglaterra, v. 369, p. 2031-2041, 2007.
MOROZOVA, N. et al. Diet and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Epidemiology, v. 19, p. 324-337, 2008.
NELSON, L. M. et al Population-based case-control study of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in western Washington State. II. Diet. American Journal of Epidemiology, Estados Unidos, v. 151, p. 164-173, 2000.
NIRMALANANTHAN, N.; GREENSMITH, L. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: recent advances and future therapies. Current Opinion in Neurology, Inglaterra, v. 18, p. 712-719, 2005.
OKAMOTO, K. Descriptive epidemiology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Japan. Journal of Epidemiology, Japão, v. 15, p. 20-23, 2005.
PASINELLI, P.; BROWN, R. H. Molecular biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis: insights from genetic. Nature Reviews. Neuroscience, Inglaterra, v. 7, p. 710-23, 2006.
PIEPERS, S. et al. Effect of non-invasive ventilation on survival, quality of life, respiratory function and cognition: a review of the literature. Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Inglaterra, v. 7, p. 195-200, 2006.
POLKEY, M. I. et al. Respiratory aspects of neurological diseases. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 66, p. 5-15, 1999.
PHUKAN, J.; PENDER, N. P.; HARDIMAN, O. Cognitive impairment in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Lancet Neurology, Inglaterra, v. 6, p. 994-1003, 2007.
RADUNOVIC, A.; MITSUMOTO, H.; LEIGH, P. N. Clinical care of patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The Lancet. Neurology, Inglaterra, v. 6, p. 913-925, 2007.
ROCHA, J. A. et al. Diagnostic investigation and multidisciplinary management in motor neuron disease. Journal of Neurology, Alemanha, v. 252, p. 1435-1447, 2005.
ROSENFELD, J.; ELLIS, A. Nutrition and dietary supplements in motor neuron diseases. Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation Clinics North America, Estados Unidos, v. 19, p. 573-589, 2008.
ROTHSTEIN, J. D. Current hypotheses for the urderlying biology of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Annals of Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 65, Suppl:S3-9, 2009.
ROWLAND, L. P.; SHNEIDER, N. A. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. The New England Journal of Medicine, Estados Unidos, v. 344, p. 1688-1700, 2001.
SHAW, P. J. Molecular and cellular pathways of neurodegeneration in motor neurone disease. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 76, p. 1046-1057, 2005.
SHERMAN, M. S. et al. Standard equations are not accurate in assessing resting energy expenditure in patients with amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. JPEN Journal of Parenteral and Enteral Nutrition, Estados Unidos, v. 28, p. 442-446, 2004.
SIMONDS, A. K. Recent advances in respiratory care for neuromuscular disease. Chest, Estados Unidos, v. 130, p. 1879-1886, 2006.
STEELE, J.C.; MCGEER, P.L. The ALS/PDC syndrome of Guam and the cycad hypothesis. Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 70, p. 1984-1990, 2008.
SUTEDJA, N. A. et al. Lifetime occupation, education, smoking, and risk of ALS. Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 69, p. 1508-1514, 2007.
TARTAGLIA, M. C. et al. Differentiation between primary lateral sclerosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Archives of Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 64, p. 232-236, 2007.
VELDINK, J. H. et al. Intake of polyunsaturated fatty acids and vitamin E reduces the risk of developing amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, Inglaterra, v. 78, p. 367-371, 2007.
VELDINK, J. H. et al. Physical activity and the association with sporadic ALS. Neurology, Estados Unidos, v. 64, p. 241-245, 2005.
VINCENT, A.M. et al. Strategic approaches to developing drug treatments for ALS. Drug Discovery Today, Inglaterra, v. 67, p. 67-72, 2008.
WEISSKOPF, M. G. et al. Prospective study of cigarette smoking and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. American Journal of Epidemiology, Estados Unidos, v. 160, p. 26-33, 2004.
WIJESEKERA, L. C.; LEIGH, P. N. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Orphanet Journal of Rare Diseases, Inglaterra, v. 4, n. 1, p. 1-22, 2009.
WOLFSON, C. et al. Incidence and prevalence of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis in Canada: a systematic review of the literature. Neuroepidemiology, Suíça, v. 33, p. 79-88, 2009.
WORMS, P. M. The epidemiology of motor neuron diseases: a review of recent studies. Journal of the Neurological Sciences, Holanda, v. 191, p. 3-9, 2001.
