Seleção de espécies de macrófitas aquáticas inibidoras de Microcystis aeruginosa: uma abordagem utilizando extratos etanólicos

Augusto Lima da Silveira; Lucia Regina Rocha Martins; Thomaz Aurélio Pagioro

doi:10.18593/evid.36324

Autores

Augusto Lima da Silveira Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ecologia e Conservação
Lucia Regina Rocha Martins Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR)
Thomaz Aurélio Pagioro Universidade Tecnológica Federal do Paraná (UTFPR)

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.18593/evid.36324

Palavras-chave:

Bioensaio, Cianobactérias, Eutrofização, Microcistinas, Plantas aquáticas

Resumo

As florações de cianobactérias representam uma ameaça aos recursos hídricos em todo o mundo, impulsionadas por fatores antropogênicos, como as mudanças climáticas e a eutrofização. Microcystis aeruginosa é uma espécie dominante de cianobactéria que produz microcistinas, hepatotoxinas que afetam a saúde ambiental. Os tratamentos de água convencionais não removem completamente as microcistinas, o que exige o desenvolvimento de métodos complementares para o controle da contaminação. Nesse contexto, o uso de compostos aleloquímicos provenientes de macrófitas aquáticas pode ser uma abordagem mais sustentável para o controle do crescimento de M. aeruginosa e da produção de microcistinas nos ecossistemas aquáticos. O presente estudo teve o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos inibitórios de extratos aleloquímicos de macrófitas aquáticas sobre M. aeruginosa. Além disso, foi realizada uma investigação fitoquímica preliminar para identificar compostos com atividade alelopática nos extratos. Sete espécies de macrófitas aquáticas foram utilizadas para a obtenção dos extratos etanólicos: Eichhornia azurea, Eleocharis acutangula, Ludwigia peruviana, Myriophyllum aquaticum, Pontederia cordata, Sagittaria montevidensis e Typha domingensis. Em bioensaios estáticos, culturas de M. aeruginosa foram expostas a 0,1; 50 e 500 mg.Extrato.L⁻¹ por 10 dias. Foram avaliados a taxa de inibição (IR), densidade celular, produção de microcistinas e viabilidade celular. Todos os extratos etanólicos apresentaram efeitos inibitórios sobre a M. aeruginosa. O extrato etanólico de M. aquaticum demonstrou maior desempenho em comparação aos outros extratos, com rendimento de extração adequado (20,29%), maior taxa de inibição (99,1%), restrição na produção de microcistinas e efeitos cianocidas. A presença de compostos aleloquímicos, como compostos fenólicos e saponinas, provavelmente contribuiu para os efeitos inibitórios observados nos bioensaios. Esses resultados destacam o potencial dos extratos etanólicos de macrófitas aquáticas no controle de M. aeruginosa, demandando investigações toxicológicas e fitoquímicas adicionais para aumentar eficiência e garantir o uso seguro. Além disso, indicam o potencial de extratos de macrófitas aquáticas como uma abordagem complementar e sustentável no controle de florações de cianobactérias.

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