Teoria do Prospecto: fatores determinantes nas preferências ao risco no Brasil
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.18593/race.v17i2.16107Resumo
Resumo: A preferência ao risco é um fator importante que influencia uma ampla gama de decisões financeiras pessoais (SNELBECKER; ROSZKOWSKI; CUTLER, 1990) e é definida como a quantidade máxima de incerteza que alguém está disposto a aceitar ao tomar uma decisão financeira ou a disposição de se envolver em comportamentos cujos resultados são incertos com possibilidade de se ter um resultado negativo identificável (IRWIN, 1993). Nesse contexto, a Teoria do Prospecto surge como um modelo alternativo descritivo de escolha sob incerteza. Tendo em vista a importância crescente da influência de aspectos comportamentais no ambiente financeiro, neste estudo buscou-se analisar as preferências ao risco no Brasil seguindo os preceitos da Teoria do Prospecto. Para tal, por meio de questionários de loterias (utilizadas no estudo de RIEGER; WANG; HENS, 2011), foram estimados para uma amostra de estudantes e profissionais, os parâmetros das funções valor (com inclusão da função logarítmica modificada) e peso, supondo diversas formas funcionais, para então associar esses parâmetros a determinadas variáveis sociodemográficas. Não foram encontrados estudos precedentes com o objetivo de realizar essa análise no Brasil, sendo que com base na literatura revisada, pôde-se perceber similaridades e divergências. A análise por gênero, estado civil, faixa etária e renda mostra relativas similaridades com outros estudos em países desenvolvidos e em desenvolvimento. Entretanto, o nível educacional mostra resultados contrários ao esperado e a análise por profissão chega a resultados inconclusivos.
Palavras-chave: Finanças comportamentais. Teoria do Prospecto. Função valor. Função peso. Brasil.
Prospect Theory: determinant factors in risk preferences in Brazil
Abstract: Risk preference is an important factor that influence a wide range of personal financial decisions (SNELBECKER; ROSZKOWSKI; CUTLER, 1990) and is defined as the maximum amount of uncertainty that someone is willing to accept when making a financial decision or the disposition of to be involved in behaviors whose results are uncertain with the possibility of having an identifiable negative result (IRWIN, 1993). In this context, the Prospect Theory emerges like a descriptive alternative model of choice under uncertainty. Given the increasing importance of the influence of behavioral aspects in the financial environment, this study sought to analyze the risk preferences in Brazil following the precepts of the Prospect Theory. To this end, with lottery questionnaires (used in the study by RIEGER; WANG; HENS, 2011), were estimated for a sample of students and professionals, parameters of value (with inclusion of the modified logarithmic function) and weight functions assuming various functional forms, and then associate these parameters to certain socio-demographic variables. No previous studies were found in order to perform this analysis in Brazil, and based on the literature reviewed, we could realize some similarities and differences. Analysis by gender, marital status, age and income shows similarities with other studies in developed and developing countries. However, the educational level shows results contrary to expected and the analysis by profession comes to inconclusive results.
Keywords: Behavioral finance. Prospect Theory. Value function. Weight function. Brazil.
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